《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中的风险转移分析-豆柴文库

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《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中的风险转移分析
Introduction
Risktransferisacriticalcomponentofinternationaltrade.Itreferstotheshiftoffinancialandotherrisksassociatedwithatransactionfromonepartytoanother.TheInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC)hasdevelopedtheIncotermsrulesthatdescribetheresponsibilitiesofbuyersandsellersforthedeliveryofgoods.TheIncotermsrulesprovideaframeworkforrisktransferininternationalcommerce.ThepurposeofthispaperistoanalyzetheprinciplesofrisktransferininternationaltradeasdescribedintheICC'sIncotermsrules.
PrinciplesofRiskTransfer
TheICC'sIncotermsrulesdefineeleventermsthatdescribetherolesandresponsibilitiesofbuyersandsellersforthedeliveryofgoods.Eachtermcorrespondstoadifferentlevelofrisktransfer.Themostfundamentalprincipleofrisktransferisthatriskpassesfromthesellertothebuyerataspecificpointinthetransaction.ThepointatwhichriskpassesisdeterminedbytheIncotermusedinthecontract.ThefollowingdiscussionhighlightsthekeyprinciplesofrisktransferforthemostcommonIncoterms.
EXW-ExWorks:UnderExWorks,thesellerfulfillstheobligationtoplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheseller'spremises.Thebuyerassumesallcostsandrisksinvolvedintakingthegoodsfromtheseller'spremisestothefinaldestination.Theriskoflossordamagetothegoodspassesfromthesellertothebuyerattheplaceofpickup.
FCA-FreeCarrier:UnderFreeCarrier,thesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarriernominatedbythebuyeratanamedplace.Thebuyerassumesallcostsandrisksinvolvedintransportingthegoodsfromthatplace.Theriskoflossordamagetothegoodspassesfromthesellertothebuyerattheplaceofdeliverytothecarrier.
FOB-FreeonBoard:UnderFreeonBoard,thesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardavesselatanamedportofshipment.Thebuyerassumesallcostsandrisksoflossordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.Theriskoflossordamagetothegoodspassesfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodscrosstheship'srail.
CIF-Cost,Insurance,andFreight:UnderCost,Insurance,andFreight,thesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardavesselatanamedportofshipmentandpaysthecostofinsuranceandfreighttothenamedportofdestination.Thebuyerassumesallco