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国际刑事责任主体研究
Title:ResearchonInternationalCriminalResponsibilitySubjects
Introduction:
Thestudyofinternationalcriminalresponsibilitysubjectsfocusesonidentifyingandexploringtheentitiesorindividualswhocanbeheldliableforinternationalcrimes.Internationalcriminallawaimstoholdaccountablethoseresponsibleforthemostgrievousoffensesagainsthumanity,suchasgenocide,warcrimes,crimesagainsthumanity,andaggression.Thispaperaimstoprovideanoverviewofinternationalcriminalresponsibilitysubjectsandtheirsignificanceinensuringjusticeandaccountabilityintheinternationalarena.
1.StateResponsibility:
Statesareprimarysubjectsofinternationallawand,therefore,holdsignificantresponsibilityforinternationalcrimescommittedwithintheirjurisdiction.Theprincipleofstateresponsibilityestablishesthatastatecanbeheldaccountableforactscommittedbyitsorgans,agents,orentitiesunderitseffectivecontrol.Thisconceptextendstoactscommittedduringaconflict,asstatesareresponsibleforviolationsofinternationalhumanitarianlaw,includingwarcrimes.
2.IndividualResponsibility:
Internationalcriminallawhasmadesignificantprogressinholdingindividualsaccountablefortheiractions.Thecreationofinternationalcriminaltribunals,suchastheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICC)andadhoctribunalsliketheInternationalCriminalTribunalfortheformerYugoslavia(ICTY)andtheInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwanda(ICTR),hasplayedacrucialroleinprosecutingindividualsresponsibleforinternationalcrimes.Thesetribunalshavethepowertoprosecuteindividuals,includingpoliticalandmilitaryleaders,regardlessoftheirofficialpositions.
3.CommandResponsibility:
Commandresponsibilityholdsmilitaryandciviliansuperiorsaccountableforcrimescommittedbytheirsubordinates.Thisdoctrinerecognizesthatsuperiorsshouldnotbeallowedtoevaderesponsibilityforcrimestheycouldhavepreventedorpunished.Itrequiresproofthatthesuperiorhadeffectivecontroloverthesubordinatesandfailedtotakenecessaryandreasonablemeasurestopreventorpunishthecrimescommitted.Theprinciplewasinitiallydevelopedininternationalhumanitarianlawandha