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国际刑事责任主体研究 Title:ResearchonInternationalCriminalResponsibilitySubjects Introduction: Thestudyofinternationalcriminalresponsibilitysubjectsfocusesonidentifyingandexploringtheentitiesorindividualswhocanbeheldliableforinternationalcrimes.Internationalcriminallawaimstoholdaccountablethoseresponsibleforthemostgrievousoffensesagainsthumanity,suchasgenocide,warcrimes,crimesagainsthumanity,andaggression.Thispaperaimstoprovideanoverviewofinternationalcriminalresponsibilitysubjectsandtheirsignificanceinensuringjusticeandaccountabilityintheinternationalarena. 1.StateResponsibility: Statesareprimarysubjectsofinternationallawand,therefore,holdsignificantresponsibilityforinternationalcrimescommittedwithintheirjurisdiction.Theprincipleofstateresponsibilityestablishesthatastatecanbeheldaccountableforactscommittedbyitsorgans,agents,orentitiesunderitseffectivecontrol.Thisconceptextendstoactscommittedduringaconflict,asstatesareresponsibleforviolationsofinternationalhumanitarianlaw,includingwarcrimes. 2.IndividualResponsibility: Internationalcriminallawhasmadesignificantprogressinholdingindividualsaccountablefortheiractions.Thecreationofinternationalcriminaltribunals,suchastheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICC)andadhoctribunalsliketheInternationalCriminalTribunalfortheformerYugoslavia(ICTY)andtheInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwanda(ICTR),hasplayedacrucialroleinprosecutingindividualsresponsibleforinternationalcrimes.Thesetribunalshavethepowertoprosecuteindividuals,includingpoliticalandmilitaryleaders,regardlessoftheirofficialpositions. 3.CommandResponsibility: Commandresponsibilityholdsmilitaryandciviliansuperiorsaccountableforcrimescommittedbytheirsubordinates.Thisdoctrinerecognizesthatsuperiorsshouldnotbeallowedtoevaderesponsibilityforcrimestheycouldhavepreventedorpunished.Itrequiresproofthatthesuperiorhadeffectivecontroloverthesubordinatesandfailedtotakenecessaryandreasonablemeasurestopreventorpunishthecrimescommitted.Theprinciplewasinitiallydevelopedininternationalhumanitarianlawandha

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