八级备考语言学-豆柴文库

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Chapter1Introduction
Linguistics，Coreoflinguistics,Importantdistinctions,Language,Designfeaturesoflanguage,Functionsoflanguage

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.Linguisticshasfirmlyestablisheditsplaceasamajorbranchofsocialscience.

Itincludesgeneral(theoretical)linguisticsandappliedlinguistics.
Generallinguistics－thestudyoflanguageasawhole,whichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.
AppliedLinguistics:
Inanarrowsense,itreferstotheaapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,esp.theteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
Inabroadsense,itreferstothefactthatfindingsinlinguisticstudiesareappliedtothepracticalproblems.Forexample,lexicology,translation,speechpathology,recoveryofspeechability;sociolinguistics,psycholinguistics,biolinguistics,computationallinguistics,stylistics,informationtheory,neurolinguistics,cognitivelinguistics,etc…

Mainbranchesoflinguistics:Phonetics语音学,Phonology音位学,Morphology形态学,Syntax句法学,Semantics语义学,Pragmatics语用学

Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics:prescriptivevs.descriptive,synchronicvs.diachronic,speechandwriting,langueandparole,competenceandperformance.
Prescriptivevs.descriptive:规定性和描写性
Alinguisticstudyis“descriptive”ifitonlydescribesandanalysesthefactsoflanguage,and“prescriptive”ifittriestolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”languagebehavior.
Linguisticstudiesbeforethiscenturywerelargelyprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.
Synchronicvs.diachronic:共时和历时
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeisasynchronicstudy(synchrony).Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy(diachrony).
Anessayentitled“OntheUseofTHE”maybesynchronic,iftheauthordoesnotrecallthepastofTHE,anditmayalsobediachronicifheclaimstocoveralargerangeorperiodoftimewhereinTHEhasundergonetremendousalteration.
Speechandwriting:口语和书面语
Thetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.Speechisprimarybecause:1.Itexiste