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THEPRINCIPLESOFEUROPEANCONTRACTLAW

PreparedbytheCommisiononEuropeanContractLaw
1999textinEnglish

CHAPTER1:GENERALPROVISIONS
Section1:ScopeofthePrinciples
Article1:101:ApplicationofthePrinciples
(1)ThesePrinciplesareintendedtobeappliedasgeneralrulesofcontractlawintheEuropeanUnion.
(2)ThesePrincipleswillapplywhenthepartieshaveagreedtoincorporatethemintotheircontractorthattheircontractistobegovernedbythem.
(3)ThesePrinciplesmaybeappliedwhentheparties:
(a)haveagreedthattheircontractistobegovernedby"generalprinciplesoflaw",the"lexmercatoria"orthelike;or
(b)havenotchosenanysystemorrulesoflawtogoverntheircontract.
(4)ThesePrinciplesmayprovideasolutiontotheissueraisedwherethesystemorrulesoflawapplicabledonotdoso.

Article1:102:FreedomofContract
(1)Partiesarefreetoenterintoacontractandtodetermineitscontents,subjecttotherequirementsofgoodfaithandfairdealing,andthemandatoryrulesestablishedbythesePrinciples.
(2)ThepartiesmayexcludetheapplicationofanyofthePrinciplesorderogatefromorvarytheireffects,exceptasotherwiseprovidedbythesePrinciples.

Article1:103:MandatoryLaw
(1)Wherethelawtherwiseapplicablesoallows,thepartiesmaychoosetohavetheircontractgovernedbythePrinciples,withtheeffectthatnationalmandatoryrulesarenotapplicable.
(2)Effectshouldneverthelessbegiventothosemandatoryrulesofnational,supranationalandinternationallawwhich,accordingtotherelevantrulesofprivateinternationallaw,areapplicableirrespectiveofthelawgoverningthecontract.

Article1:104:ApplicationtoQuestionsofConsent
(1)TheexistenceandvalidityoftheagreementofthepartiestoadoptorincorporatethesePrinciplesshallbedeterminedbythesePrinciples.
(2)Nevertheless,apartymayrelyuponthelawofthecountryinwhichithasitshabitualresidencetoestablishthatitdidnotconsentifitappearsfromthecircumstancesthatitwouldnotbereasonabletodeterminetheeffectoftheparty’sconductinaccordancewiththesePrinciples.
Article1:105:UsagesandPractices
(1)Thepartiesareboundbyanyusagetowhichtheyhaveagreedandbyanypracticetheyhaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.
(2)Th