英美法入门合同法-豆柴文库

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LexisNexisCapsuleSummary
Contracts

Chapter1
SOURCESANDDEFINITIONSOFCONTRACTLAW

§1.01WhatisaContract?

Acontractisformedinanytransactioninwhichoneorbothpartiesmakealegallyenforceablepromise.Apromiseisacommitmentorundertakingthatagiveneventwillorwillnotoccurinthefutureandmaybeexpressorimpliedfromconductorlanguageandconduct.Apromiseislegallyenforceablewhereit:
wasmadeaspartofabargainforvalidconsideration;
reasonablyinducedthepromiseetorelyonthepromisetohisdetriment;or
isdeemedenforceablebyastatutedespitethelackofconsideration.

§1.02TypesofContracts

Contractmaybeofthefollowingtypes:
Express–anagreementmanifestedbywords
Implied-in-fact–anagreementmanifestedbyconduct
Implied-in-law("quasi-contract")–notatruecontractbutanobligationimposedbyacourtdespitetheabsenceofapromiseinordertoavoidaninjustice

§1.03SourcesofContractLaw

CommonLaw–inmostjurisdictions,contractlawisnotcodified,andthustheprimarysourceofgeneralcontractlawiscaselaw.

Restatement–writtenbytheAmericanLawInstitutetoprovideguidancetothebenchandbar,theRestatementofContracts(currentlyinthesecondedition)hasnolegalforcebutneverthelessprovideshighlypersuasiveauthority.

UniformCommercialCode(UCC)–createdundertheauspicesoftheAmericanLawInstituteandtheNationalConferenceofCommissionersonUniformStateLaws,hasbeenadoptedbyeverystateexceptLouisiana.ProposedrevisionstoArticle2,governingcontractsforthesaleofgoods,havebeenfinalizedandpresentedtothestatesforenactment.

UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods(CISG)–ratifiedbymanyoftheleadingtradingnationsincludingtheUnitedStatesandChina(butnottheUnitedKingdomandJapan),itgovernsmanytransactionsforthesaleofgoodsbetweenpartieswithplacesofbusinessindifferentnations.

UNIDROITPrinciplesofInternationalCommercialContracts–non-bindingauthoritativetextsimilartotheRestatement.

UniformComputerTransactionsAct(UCITA)–addressesissuesarisingoutofcomputerlicensingbuthasonlybeenenactedinVirginiaandMaryland.

UniformElectronicTransactionsAct(UETA)–adoptedbymoststate