WTO“安全例外”条款的应用与争论-豆柴文库

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WTO“安全例外”条款的应用与争论
Introduction
WorldTradeOrganization,commonlyknownasWTO,isaninternationalbodythatseekstofacilitateglobaltradebycreatingrulesthatgovernthesame.Itsprimarymissionistopromotefreetrade,removebarriersandensurethatcountriesareadheringtothesamesetofprinciples.However,securityexceptionsclauseunderArticleXXIoftheWTOAgreementallowsmemberstoalterorsuspendtradeagreementsintheeventofnationalsecurityinterestsasexceptionsfromWTOcommitments.Thisclausehascauseddebatesinthetradeworldparticularlyduetothepotentialformisuseandthelackofclearguidelinesonitsapplication.
ApplicationofSecurityExceptionClause
ArticleXXIallowscountriestodepartfromtheirWTOobligationsiftheybelievethepreservationoftheirnationalsecuritydemandsit.Theclauseisbroad,andprovidesampleroomforitsapplicationinawiderangeofcircumstances.ForanymemberofWTOtoinvokeArticleXXI,themembermustexplainwhythemeasurestakenareessentialfornationalsecurity.Nationalsecurityisnotdefinedintheagreement,therefore,membersusingtheclauseareexpectedtodefineitclearly(Regan,2019).
TheapplicationofArticleXXIhasbeenusedseverallytoprotectdomesticindustriesfromforeigncompetition,oftenwithoutconcreteargumentstoprovethattheindustryactuallyposedasecuritythreat.TheUnitedStateshasparticularlyusedtheclausenumeroustimessince2018.Forinstance,theUSimposedtariffsonsteelandaluminumimports,usingArticleXXI,explainingthattheimportationofthesemetalsposedasecurityrisk.Steelandaluminumareprimarilyusedinthedefenseindustry,hencethetariffsweremeanttoprotectnationalsecurityinterests.Consequently,othercountriesretaliated,leadingtoatradewarbetweentheUSandChina(Regan,2019).
DebatesontheApplicationofSecurityExceptionClause
TheapplicationofArticleXXIhasbeenthesubjectofdebateforyears.Theprimaryconcernisthattheclausecanbeeasilymisusedtojustifyeconomicprotectionismundertheguiseofnationalsecurity.Furthermore,itcanbehardtoprovethatameasuremeanttoprotectdomesticindustriesdoesnotposeasecurityrisk.Criticsarguethattheclauselacksclearguidelinesonitsapplication,leavingmember