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国外非正规部门研究进展
Introduction:
Researchinnon-officialdepartmentsisarapidlyevolvingfieldwithadiverserangeoftopicsandmethodologies.Theemergenceandgrowthofthesedepartmentshaschallengedtraditionalresearchpracticesandhasgivenrisetonewformsofknowledgeproductionanddissemination.Inthispaper,wewillexploretheprogressmadeinnon-officialresearchdepartmentsworldwide,highlightingtheircontributionstotheacademiccommunityandbroadersociety.
TypesofNon-OfficialDepartments:
Non-officialdepartmentscantakevariousforms,suchascitizensciencenetworks,DIYbiohackingcommunities,andopen-sourcesoftwaredevelopmentgroups.Thesetypesofdepartmentsoftenoperateoutsidethetraditionalacademicandinstitutionalframeworksandcanbringtogetherdiversegroupsofpeoplewithasharedpassionforaparticulartopic.
CitizenScienceNetworks:
Citizensciencenetworksarecomposedofvolunteerswhocontributetheirtimeandresourcestoscientificresearch.Thesenetworkshavegrowninpopularityinrecentyearsastheyofferawayforindividualstocontributetoresearchwithoutrequiringformalqualifications.Forinstance,theZooniverseplatformhostsvariouscitizenscienceprojects,includingclassifyinggalaxies,identifyinganimalsincameratrapimagesandtranscribingweatherdata.Theseprojectshavecontributedtogroundbreakingscientificresearch,includingthediscoveryofthefirst-everplanetorbitingabinarystarsystem.
DIYBiohackingCommunities:
DIYbiohackingcommunitiesarecomposedofindividualsinterestedinexperimentingwiththetechniquesandequipmentofbiologicalsciences.Thesecommunitiesoftenoperateoutsideofinstitutionalframeworksanduseinnovativemethodstoinvestigategeneediting,syntheticbiology,andotherareas.Forinstance,theOpenInsulinFoundationisabiohackingcollectivefocusedondevelopinganaffordableandopen-sourceinsulinproductionprocess.
Open-SourceSoftwareDevelopmentGroups:
Open-sourcesoftwaredevelopmentgroupsarecommunitiesofindividualswhocollaborateondevelopingopen-sourcesoftwarethatcanbeaccessedbyanyone.Thesecommunitieshavecontributedgroundbreakingsoftware,includingtheLinuxoperatingsystemandtheApachewe