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美国PJM电力容量市场分析
Introduction
ThePJMInterconnectionisthelargestregionaltransmissionorganization(RTO)inNorthAmerica.Itoperatesawholesaleelectricitymarkettoensurethereliablesupplyofelectricitytoconsumersinpartsof13statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.ThePJMelectricitymarketisacomplexsystemthatisstructuredtobalancethesupplyanddemandofelectricityacrosstheregion.Oneofthekeycomponentsofthismarketisthecapacitymarket,whichaimstoensurethatthereisenoughgeneratingcapacityavailabletomeettheregion'speakdemand.
OverviewofPJMCapacityMarket
Thecapacitymarketisamechanismthroughwhichelectricitygeneratorsarepaidtoensurethattheyareavailabletoproduceelectricitywhenneeded.ThePJMcapacitymarketisaforwardmarket,meaningthatelectricitygeneratorsbidintothemarketforcapacityuptothreeyearsinadvance.Thesebidsareassessedonacompetitivebasis,withthelowestcostbidsbeingacceptedfirst,untilthereisenoughgeneratingcapacitytomeettheregion'sexpectedpeakdemand.Thecapacitymarketisdesignedtocompensateelectricitygeneratorsfortheirfixedcosts,suchasthecostofbuildingandmaintainingpowerplants,aswellastheirvariablecosts,suchasthecostoffuel.
ThecapacitymarketinPJMiscurrentlydividedintotwoseparateauctions:theBaseResidualAuction(BRA)andtheIncrementalAuction(IA).TheBRAisheldannuallyandisdesignedtoensurethatthereisenoughgeneratingcapacityavailableoverthenextthreeyearstomeettheregion'sexpectedpeakdemand.TheIAisheldannuallyaswell,butitisintendedtoprovideadditionalcapacityinresponsetounexpectedevents,suchastheretirementofapowerplantorasuddenincreaseindemandforelectricity.
ProblemswithPJMCapacityMarket
WhilethecapacitymarketinPJMhasbeensuccessfulinprovidingreliableandaffordableelectricitytoconsumers,thereareseveralcriticismsofthemarketthatareworthnoting.Oneoftheprimaryconcernsisthatthemarketmaybeunderminingthecompetitivenessofnewer,cleanersourcesofenergy,suchaswindandsolarpower.Thisisbecausethemarketrewardsexistingpowerplants,whichmaybeolderandlessefficient,ratherthanincentivizingthedevelopmentofnew,moreefficientsourcesofenergy.
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