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美国集团诉讼退出制研究
Introduction
Aclassactionlawsuitisalegalprocedurethatallowsagroupofpeoplewithsimilarclaimstojointogetherandsueoneormoredefendantsinasinglecase.IntheUnitedStates,classactionlawsuitshavebecomeincreasinglypopularovertheyearsduetotheirefficiencyandcost-effectiveness.However,therecenttrendofcompanieswithdrawingfromresearchanddevelopmenthighlightsthepotentialthreatthatclassactionlawsuitsposetothebusinessworld.Thispaperaimstoexplorethereasonswhycorporationsarewithdrawingfromresearchanddevelopmentandtheimpactthistrendmayhaveontheeconomyandsocietyatlarge.
Background
Thewithdrawalofcompaniesfromresearchanddevelopment(R&D)isaconcerningtrendthathasbeengrowingintheUnitedStatesoverthepastfewyears.SeveralfamouscompaniessuchasMerck&Co.,PfizerInc.,andEliLillyandCohaveannouncedtheirexitfromR&Dduetotheincreasingcostsincurredalongsideclinicaltrialsandresearch.TherearevariousreasonswhycompanieshaveabandonedR&D,butonemajorfactoristheloomingthreatofclassactionlawsuits.
Thethreatoflawsuitamiddrugtrialsandresearchisoneofthemainconcernsforcompanies.Typically,companiesthatengageinR&Dareinthepharmaceuticalindustry,wheredrugsmustgothroughnumerousclinicaltrials,regulatoryapprovals,andtestingbeforebeingreleasedtothepublic.Theprocessistime-consuming,expensive,andrequiresasignificantinvestmentofresources.Moreover,theriskthatadrugmaynotpasssafetystandardsorcauseharmandresultinlegalactionisafactorthatcompaniesmustconsiderseriously.
WhyCompaniesareLeavingR&D
ThereareseveralreasonswhycompanieshavedecidedtowithdrawfromR&D,andtheimpactofclassactionlawsuitsisoneofthem.Companiesunderstandthatthecostsandrisksassociatedwithclassactionlawsuitscanbesignificant,andtheywouldratheravoidthemifpossible.Moreover,thecostoflitigationishigh,andinsomecases,thecompensationawardedtotheplaintiffscouldbeenormous.
AnotherreasonforthewithdrawalofcompaniesfromR&Disthepressureofmeetingshareholders'expectations.Investorsexpectcompaniestoreturnprofits,andR&Dcansometimesbealow-returninvestment.Asaresult,companiesmaybem