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英国的城市、建筑保护法律及政策研究
Introduction
Britainisknownforitsrichculturalheritage.Thecountryhasalongandvibranthistorythatisreflectedinitscitiesandbuildings.Itisthisheritagethathasmadethecountryamust-visitdestinationfortouristsandstudentsofhistory.Asaresult,theUKgovernmenthasputinplacelawsandpoliciestoprotectthesehistoricbuildingsandcities.ThispaperseekstoexplorethecityandbuildingprotectionlawsandpoliciesintheUKwithaviewofunderstandingtheirimpactonthebuiltenvironment.
CityandBuildingProtectionLawsandPoliciesintheUK
TheUKhasarichanddiverseurbanheritagethatdatesbacktotheRomantimes.Thecountryhasnumeroushistoriccitiesandbuildingsthatareofsignificantcultural,historicalandarchitecturalvalue.However,thesebuildingsandcitiesareunderconstantthreatofdestruction,eitherduetourbansprawl,neglect,lackoffundingorlackofmaintenance.Toprotectthesestructuresandcities,theUKgovernmenthasputinplacelawsandpoliciesthatareaimedatpreservingthebuiltenvironment.ThefollowingaresomeoftheprotectionlawsandpoliciesintheUK.
1.ConservationAreas
Conservationareasaredesignatedbythelocalauthoritiestoprotectareasofhistoricalorarchitecturalsignificance.Theareasarecharacterizedbyauniqueanddistinctivecharacter,whichmayincludebuildings,streets,squaresorgardens.Theprincipalaimofconservationareasistoensurethatthecharacterandappearanceoftheareaarepreserved.Thereareapproximately10,000conservationareasintheUK,coveringover2%ofthetotallandarea.Tochangetheappearanceofabuildingorstructureinaconservationarea,anownermustfirstobtainpermissionfromthelocalauthority.
2.ListedBuildings
AlistedbuildingisabuildingthathasbeendesignatedasbeingofspecialarchitecturalorhistoricinterestbytheSecretaryofStateforDigitalCulture,MediaandSport.Thedesignationmeansthatthebuildingisprotectedbylaw,andanychangesmadetothebuildingmustbeapprovedbythelocalauthority.Thereareover500,000listedbuildingsintheUK,rangingfromchurches,castles,houses,bridges,andeventelephoneboxes.
3.ThePlanningSystem
TheUKplanningsystemisdesignedtoensurethatdevelopmentissustainableandm