对美国环境正义的研究-豆柴文库

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对美国环境正义的研究
Introduction
EnvironmentaljusticeisamovementthataroseintheUnitedStatesinthelate20thcentury.Itisaresponsetotheunequaldistributionofenvironmentalbenefitsandburdensthathavedisproportionatelyaffectedcommunitiesofcolorandlow-incomepopulations.ThispaperwillexaminethehistoryofenvironmentaljusticeinAmerica,itslegalbasis,anditscurrentchallengesandachievements.
HistoryofEnvironmentalJustice
Theenvironmentaljusticemovementbeganinthe1980s,inresponsetoincidentssuchastheLoveCanaldisasterandthetoxicwastecontaminationinWarrenCounty,NorthCarolina.Theseincidentsrevealedthatlow-incomeandminoritycommunitiesweredisproportionatelyimpactedbyenvironmentalpollution.Thepeopleinthesecommunitiesdidnothaveaccesstocleanair,water,andsoil,asthefactoriesandlandfillswerelocatedclosetowheretheylived.Inthefollowingyears,manygrassrootsorganizationsemerged,seekingtoaddresstheenvironmentalinjustices.
LegalBasisofEnvironmentalJustice
IntheUnitedStates,environmentaljusticeisprimarilyfoundedoncivilrightslaws,suchasTitleVIoftheCivilRightsActof1964andtheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActof1969.TitleVIprohibitsdiscriminationonthebasisofrace,color,ornationalorigininprogramsandactivitiesthatreceivefederalfinancialassistance.TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActrequiresfederalagenciestoconsidertheenvironmentalimpactsoftheiractions,andtoinvolvethepublicinthedecision-makingprocess.Theselawsareparticularlyrelevanttoenvironmentaljustice,astheyprovidelegalgroundstoaddressdiscriminationinthedistributionofenvironmentalbenefitsandburdens.
CurrentChallengesandAchievements
Despitesomeprogressmadeinthepastdecades,therearestillmanychallengesfacingtheenvironmentaljusticemovementinAmerica.OnemajorchallengeistheTrumpAdministration'saggressiverollbacksofenvironmentalregulations,whichwilldisproportionatelyaffectlow-incomeandminoritycommunities.Forexample,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency'sdecisiontorepealtheCleanPowerPlanwillhaveharmfuleffectsonairquality,particularlyincommunitiesofcolor.Anotherimportantissueisthelackofpolitica