WTO棉花争议案中交叉报复的研究-豆柴文库

您所在位置：网站首页 / WTO棉花争议案中交叉报复的研究.docx / 文档详情

在线预览结束，喜欢就下载吧，查找使用更方便

5 金币

下载文档

/ 2

下载提示

如果您无法下载资料，请参考说明：

1、部分资料下载需要金币，请确保您的账户上有足够的金币

2、已购买过的文档，再次下载不重复扣费

3、资料包下载后请先用软件解压，在使用对应软件打开

文本预览

WTO棉花争议案中交叉报复的研究
Introduction
ThecottondisputeattheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)hasbeenoneofthemostsignificantandcontroversialtradedisputesinrecenthistory.Thedisputeinvolvescross-retaliationbetweentheUnitedStatesandBrazil,wherebothcountrieshaveimplementedretaliatorymeasuresagainsteachother'sexports,targetingvarioussectorsbeyondthecottonindustry.ThispaperwillprovideanoverviewofthecottondisputeattheWTOandexaminetheimplicationsofcross-retaliationfortheglobaltradingsystem.
Background
Thecottondisputebeganin2002whenBrazilfiledacomplaintagainsttheUnitedStatesattheWTO,allegingthattheUnitedStateswasviolatingWTOrulesbyprovidingsubsidiestoitscottonfarmers.Brazilarguedthatthesesubsidiesweredistortingworldtrade,depressingglobalcottonprices,andcausingsignificantharmtoBraziliancottonfarmers.TheWTOruledinBrazil'sfavorin2004,statingthattheUSsubsidiesviolatedWTOrulesondomesticsupport,exportcreditguarantees,andpaymentsundertheUScottonprogram.
Inresponse,theUnitedStatesmadesomechangestoitscottonsubsidyprogram,butBrazilarguedthatthesechangeswerenotsufficienttocomplywiththeWTOruling.Asaresult,BrazilrequestedauthorizationfromtheWTOtoimposeretaliatorymeasuresagainsttheUnitedStatesin2005.TheWTOgrantedBrazilpermissiontoimposeupto$829millioninretaliatorymeasures.
Cross-Retaliation
However,insteadoffocusingsolelyonthecottonindustry,BrazilimplementedretaliatorymeasuresthattargetedarangeofUSexports,includingpharmaceuticals,electronics,andtextiles.Thisstrategyofcross-retaliationispermittedunderWTOrules,whichallowretaliatorymeasurestobetakeninasectordifferentfromtheonethatwasoriginallyharmed.Cross-retaliationismeanttoincreasethepressureontheoffendingcountrytocomplywithWTOrulesbytargetingsectorsthatareimportanttothatcountry'seconomy.
Inresponse,theUnitedStatesrequestedtheWTOtooverturnBrazil'sauthorizationtoimposeretaliatorymeasures,arguingthatBrazil'suseofcross-retaliationviolatedWTOrules.TheUSarguedthatcross-retaliationwasonlyappropriateifthemeasuresweredirectlyrelatedtotheindustrythathadbeenharmed