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第PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT11页共NUMPAGES\*MERGEFORMAT11页 2021年12月大学英语四级考试阅读冲刺训练(5) OnNovember26,2001,thenewsmediaannouncedtheUnitedStateswasofficiallyinarecession,andhadbeensinceMarch.TomostAmericans,thiswasn’tallthatsurprising:Risingunemploymentandaweakstockmarkethadbeeninthenewsformonths.MoneyMakestheWorldGoRoundArecessionisaprolongedperiodoftimewhenanation’seconomyisslowingdown,orcontracting.Suchaslowdownischaracterizedbyanumberofdifferenttrends,including:Peoplebuyinglessstuff；Decreaseinfactoryproduction；Growingunemployment；Slumpinpersonalincome；AnunhealthystockmarketBytheconventionaldefinition,thisslowdownhastocontinueforatleastsixmonthstobeconsideredarecession.Thisdefinitionreallyraisesmorequestionsthanitanswers.Whatdoesitmeanfortheeconomytoslowdown?Whydoesthishappen?Andwhatexactlyis“theeconomy”?PeopletalkabouttheU.S.economyasanindependententity,butitisactuallytheresultofmillionsofpeople’sactions.Youcanunderstandthebasicideaoftheconnectionbetweenpeople’sactionsandtheoveralleconomybylookingatonlyafewbasicconcepts:producers,consumers,markets,supplyanddemand.ProducersandConsumersBroadlyspeaking,anation’seconomyistheproductionandconsumptionofgoodsandservicesinthatnation.Anybodyproducingorconsumingthingsinacountryplayssomeroleintheeconomy.Productionandconsumptionareintertwined(交织的).Inorderforpeopletoconsumethings,someonehastoproducethosethings.Andinordertoproducethings,youneedtoconsumethings(youneedtoconsumenaturalresourcesandpeople’slabor,forexample).MarketsInamarketeconomy,oramodifiedmarketeconomysuchastheU.S.economy,productionandconsumptionareconnectedinvarious“markets”.Amarketissimplyaplacewhereconsumerscangotobuythingsfromproducersandproducerscangotosellthingstoconsumers.Agrocerystoreisanexampleofaphysicalmarket.Peoplewhowanttoconsumefoodgotothegrocerystoreandbuyitfromproducersthroughaseriesofmiddlemen.Thestoreitselfisoneofthemiddlemen,andthereareusuallyothersalongtheway(distributioncompanies,forexample).Thelabormarketisamoreabstractsortofmarket.Inthismarket,bu
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