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第PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT3页共NUMPAGES\*MERGEFORMAT3页 英语四级美文听力第80篇:HowtoAvoidFoolishOpinions HowtoAvoidFoolishOpinionsToavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmankindisprone,nosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyou,notfromallerror,butfromsillyerror.Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservation,maketheobservationyourself.Aristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmen,bythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistake,towhichweareallprone.Manymatters,however,arelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.If,likemostofmankind,youhaveconvictionsonmanysuchmatters,therearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownbias.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangry,thatisasignthatyouaresubconsciouslyawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.Ifsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefive,youfeelpityratherthananger.Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Persecutionisusedintheology,notinarithmetic,becauseinarithmeticthereisknowledge,butintheologythereisonlyopinion.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinion,beonyourguard;youwillprobablyfind,onexamination,thatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencewarrants.Agoodwayofridingyourselfofcertainkindsofdogmatismistobecomeawareofopinionsheldinsocialcirclesdifferentfromyourown.Seekoutpeoplewithwhomyoudisagree,andreadanewspaperbelongingtoapartythatisnotyours.Ifthepeopleandthenewspaperseemmadandwicked,remindyourselfthatyouseemsotothem.Inthisopinionbothpartiesmayberight,buttheycannotbothbewrong.Thisreflectionshouldgeneratecaution.
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