英语六级巅峰阅读附详解-第21期-认知与学习.docx

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英语六级巅峰阅读附详解第21期:认知与学习

Personalityistoalargeextentinherent-A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttoIheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:"Rejoice,weconquer!"Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablthatallAyoungsterschangeintoB's.TheworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild'spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions.especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B'sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.[l]性格在很大程度上是遗传的——A型性格的父母通常养育出A型性格的子女。但是环境一定也有深远的影响，因为如果父母很看重竞争，那么竞争很有可能成为孩子们生活中的一个重要因素。学校是儿童吸收A型性格特点的一个地方，因为学校本质上就是一个竞争激烈的机构。许多学校都采纳“不惜一切代价获取成功”的道德标准，以炫耀成绩作为衡量学生成功的标准。最近热衷于让孩子们与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一个双层体系，[2]在这个体系里面，善于竞争的A型性格的人好像在某个方面要比他们B型性格的同伴更胜一筹。求胜心切可能带来危险的后果：还记得第一个跑马拉松的费迪皮迪兹吗？他在说了“欢呼吧，我们赢了！”数秒钟后便倒地身亡。学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是过分强调考试。很少有学校允许学生集中精力做他们擅长的事。[3]考试这种竞争方式的价值有