新冠疫情背景下“钻石公主”号救助义务的国际法分析-豆柴文库

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新冠疫情背景下“钻石公主”号救助义务的国际法分析
Introduction
TheoutbreakofCOVID-19hascausedaglobalhealthcrisis,forcinggovernmentsandpublichealthauthoritiestotakeemergencymeasuresinresponse.OnesuchmeasurewasthedecisiontoquarantinethepassengersandcrewoftheDiamondPrincesscruiseship,whichwasdockedoffthecoastofJapaninFebruary2020.ThequarantineoftheDiamondPrincessraisedanumberoflegalandethicalissuesrelatedtothedutiesofstatestoprotecttheircitizensandprovideassistancetothoseinneed.ThispaperwillexaminethelegalobligationsofstatesinthecontextoftheDiamondPrincessrescuemissionandanalyzetheinternationallawprinciplesthatshouldguidestatesinrespondingtosimilarcrisesinthefuture.
Background
OnFebruary3,2020,theDiamondPrincesswasquarantinedbyJapaneseauthoritiesduetoanoutbreakofCOVID-19ontheship.Theship,whichhadover3,700passengersandcrewmembers,wasforcedtoremaindockedinYokohama,Japan,forseveralweeks.Duringthistime,over700passengersandcrewmemberstestedpositiveforCOVID-19,andseveralindividualsdiedfromthedisease.
Inresponsetothecrisis,governmentsandnon-governmentalorganizationsaroundtheworldinitiatedrescuemissionstobringtheircitizensandotherpassengersbacktotheirhomecountries.Forexample,theUnitedStates,Canada,Australia,andtheUnitedKingdomallsentcharteredplanestoevacuatetheircitizensfromtheDiamondPrincess.Othercountries,suchasMexicoandSouthKorea,arrangedfortheircitizenstobetransportedongovernment-sponsoredflights.
LegalObligationsofStates
TheDiamondPrincessquarantinehighlightedthelegalobligationsofstatesinrespondingtocrisesthataffecttheircitizensabroad.Underinternationallaw,stateshaveadutytoprotecttherightsandinterestsoftheircitizens,includingtheirhealthandsafety(Lillich,1988).Thisdutyextendstosituationswherecitizensareaffectedbyeventsoutsidetheirhomecountry,suchasadiseaseoutbreakonacruiseship.
InthecaseoftheDiamondPrincess,thegovernmentsofthecountrieswhosecitizenswereonboardhadadutytoprovideassistanceandprotectiontotheircitizens.ThisdutywasrecognizedintheViennaConventiononConsularRelations,whichrequiresthatstates