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PragmaticsMainContentsIntroductiontoPragmaticsSemantics:thestudyofmeaningismorecloselyrelatedtothelinguisticforms(moreconstantandinherent)
Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningismorecloselyrelatedtothecontext(moreindeterminate,speaker’smeaning,utterancemeaningorcontextualmeaning)

Themeaningdependson“context”
SentenceMeaningUtteranceMeaningExamples:
“Itiscoldhere.”
Diectics指示语Diexis
persondiectics
placediectics
timediectics
discoursediectics
socialdiecticsDeixis1.SpeechActTheoryAustin:
1.Performative

2.IllocutionaryActAustinmadetheprimarydistinctionbetweentwotypesofutterances:
constative:表述句
performative：施为句Backgroundsfortheproposingoftheperformativetheory

Inthe40’sand50’s,itwascommonlyheldthatthestudyoflanguageshouldbeconcernedonlywiththetruth-conditionalmeaningoftheproposition,andnotwiththesituationsoftheutterance.
However,ithadbeenobservedthatsometimespeopleareusingwordstodothings.Andinsuchcases,whatisofmoreimportanceisnotthetruthconditional-meaning,buttheactionofdoingthings.
Performatives施为句Performativesaresentencesusedtoperformsuchfunctionsaspromising,naming,warning,inviting,requesting,orderingandaskingetc.
“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”



---asutteredinanopenceremony.Teacher:Classbegins!Boss:Youarefired!Inamethistiger‘GeorgeBush’.“Igiveandbequeaththewatchtomybrother.”


---asoccurringinawill.“Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.”


---asutteredwhenmakingabet.Ipromisetoloveyou
forever!Performativeverbs:FelicityConditionsCharacteristicsofPerformativesHowtodistinguishperformativesandconstativesIthasbeennotedthatsomestativescanalsobeviewedasperformatives.

E.g.Adogiswatchingyou.
=Itellyouthatadogis
watchingyou.
Allsentencescanbeusedtodothings.

Sayingsomethingcanbeunderstoodasdoingsomething.ThreeTypesofAct(1)anactofproducinglinguisticunits.
(2)thebasicliteralmeaningoftheutterancewhichisconveyedbyparticularwordsandstructureswhichtheutterancecontains.
---inherentmeaningofasentence.(语义学研究的对象）Illocutionaryforce
Speaker’smeaningorintention
Contextualmeaning
Extra-meaningTheactperfo