2018年可锐考研英语阅读分析详解.docx

2018年可锐考研英语阅读分析详解

第一篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读分析详解可锐教育官网http://2018年可锐考研英语阅读分析详解（七）Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone’sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytic.Theoldquestions“Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?”havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?”Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion“Why”ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheinpidualswhomadehistory,anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessableby,allhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyevent,thatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory;italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdenies