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语言学流派总结

第一篇：语言学流派总结TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguisticsPartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure:1.Natureofthelinguisticsign:linguisticunitisasign.Itisthecombinationofthethetwo(aconceptandasound-image)thatmakesupthewholeofthelinguisticsign.Signified(thematter)andsignifier(thesoundimage)Characteristicsofthelinguisticsign:1.Thebondbetweenthesignifierandthesignifiedisarbitrary.2.Thelinearnatureofthesignifier:thesignifierisauditoryandthereforeisunfoldedsolelyintime.Asaresultofthis,thesignifierrepresentsatimespanandthespanismeasurableinonesingledimension,thedimensionoftime.2.Langueandparole3.SynchronicanddiachronicstudiesPartTwo:ThePragueSchool:V.Mathesius:ThemainemphasisofthePragueSchooltheoryisontheanalysisoflanguageasasystemoffunctionallyrelatedunits,anemphasiswhichshowsSaussureaninfluence.Theemphasishasledtothedistinctionbetweenthephoneticandphonologicalanalysisofsoundsandtheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures.PhonologicaloppositionsInfluentialscholarTrubetzkoyprinciplesofphonologyForeachabstractsoundthereisarangethanapointinwhichspeakersareallowedtomaketheactualrealizationofitdifferentfromeveryotherRealizationbythemselvesandalsodistinctfromeveryotherrealizationbyotherpeople.Aphonemecanbedefinedasthesumofthesedifferentiatingfunctions.Ithasthreecharacteristics:1.Ithasdiscriminativepower2.Itcannotbeanalysedintosmallerdistinctivesegments3.Itcanonlybedeterminedbydistinctivefeatures.Functionalsentenceperspective(FSP)FSPisatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichreferstoananalysisofutterancesortextsintermsoftheinformationtheycontain.(atheorythatreferstoalinguisticanalysisofutterancesintermsoftheinformationtheycontain.)Theprincipleisthattheroleofeachutterancepartisevaluatedforitssemanticcontributiontothewhole.Fromafunctionalpointofview,somelinguistsbelievedthatasentencecontainsapointofdepartureandagoalofdiscourse.Thepointofdepartureisequallypresenttothespeakerandtothehearerwhichitistheirrallyingpoint,thegroundonwhichtheymeet.ThisiscalledtheTheme.Thegoalofdiscoursepresentstheveryinformatio