高中化学基础知识大全.doc

一、非金属单质(Ｆ２，Cl２,O２,Ｓ,N2，P,C,Sｉ，Ｈ)１、氧化性：ﻫF2+H2＝==2HＦ（阴暗处爆炸）F2+Ｘe(过量）==XeF2２F2（过量)+Ｘe==XeＦ４（ＸeF4就是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–）ﻫnＦ2＋２M＝=＝2MFn（Ｍ表示大部分金属)2Ｆ2+2H2O===４HF+O2（水就是还原剂）2F2+2ＮaＯH==＝２NaF＋OF2+Ｈ2OF２+2NaCｌ=＝=２ＮaF+Ｃl２F2+2NａBｒ＝==2ＮａF＋Bｒ2F２＋２NａI===2ＮaＦ+I2Ｆ2（过量）+I2==＝2ＩＦ7Ｆ２+Cl2(等体积)==＝2ＣlF（ClＦ属于类卤素:CｌF＋Ｈ2Ｏ==HF+HClO)3Ｆ2（过量)+Cl2＝＝=2ＣlＦ3(ClF３+3Ｈ２O==3HF+HClO3）Cl2＋H22ＨCｌ（将H2在Cl2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸）3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PＣl3PCl5Cl2+2Na2NａCl3Cl2＋2Fe２FeＣl３Cｌ２＋CuCuＣl2Cl2+2FｅCl2===２FeＣl3(在水溶液中:Cl2+２Fe２+==＝２Fe3+＋3Ｃl)Ｃl２＋2ＮaBr＝==2NaCl+Ｂr２Ｃl2+2Ｂr=2Cl+Br２Cｌ２+2ＫI＝=＝2KＣl＋Ｉ2Cl2+2I＝2Cl+Ｉ２3Cl２(过量)＋2ＫＩ+3H2O==＝6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I–+３H２O=６H++6Cl–＋ＩO3–5Cｌ2＋I２+6Ｈ2O===2HＩO3+10HCl5Cｌ2+I２＋6Ｈ2O=1０Ｃl–+ＩＯ3–＋12H+Cl２+Ｎa2S=＝=2NａCl＋Ｓ↓Cl2+Ｓ２–=2Ｃl–+S↓Cｌ2＋Ｈ2S＝＝＝2HＣl+S↓（水溶液中:Cｌ2+H2Ｓ＝2Ｈ++2Cl–+S↓Cｌ２+ＳO2+2H２O=＝＝Ｈ2SO4+2ＨCｌCl2＋SO2+2Ｈ２O=4H++SO４2–+２Ｃl–Cl２+H2Ｏ2===2HCｌ+O2Cl2+H2O2=2Ｈ++Ｃl–+O2ﻫ2O2+3FeＦｅ3O４Ｏ2+K==＝ＫO2ﻫS＋Ｈ２H2S２S+CCS2S＋ZnZnSS+FeFeＳ(既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取）S＋2CｕＣｕ2S（只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取）ﻫ3Ｓ＋2AlAｌ2S３(只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)Ｎ2+3H２2ＮH3N2+３MｇMg３N2N2+3ＣaCａ3N2N2+3BaＢa3N2Ｎ2+6Ｎａ2Ｎａ3NN2+６Ｋ2Ｋ3ＮＮ2+6Rb２Rb3NN2+2Al２AｌNP4+6H２４PＨ3P＋３NaNａ3Ｐ2Ｐ＋3ZnZn３P2H2＋２Li2LiH2、还原性Ｓ+O2SO2Ｓ+H2ＳＯ4(浓）3SO2↑+2H2ＯS+6HNＯ3(浓)Ｈ2SO4+6NO2↑+２H２OS+４H++6==6NO2↑+2H2Ｏ+3Ｓ+4HNO3(稀)３SＯ2＋4ＮO↑+2H２O3Ｓ+4H＋＋43SO2+４NＯ↑+2Ｈ2ON2+O22ＮO４Ｐ＋５Ｏ2P4Ｏ10（常写成P2Ｏ５）2P+３X22PX3(Ｘ表示F2，Cl２，Bｒ2）PX3+X２ＰX５P４+20HＮO３（浓）４Ｈ3PO4+20ＮO2↑+4H２OC＋2F2ＣF4C+２Cl2ＣCl４C+O2（足量）ＣＯ22C+O2(少量）2COＣ+CＯ22COC+Ｈ2OCO+H2（生成水煤气）ﻫ2C+SiO2Ｓｉ＋2CO(制得粗硅）ﻫSｉ（粗）+2Ｃl２SiＣl4(ＳiCｌ4＋2H２＝==Si（纯)＋4HCｌ)Ｓi（粉)＋O2SiO2Ｓｉ+ＣＳiC(金刚砂）Ｓi+2ＮａＯH＋H2O＝=Na2SiＯ3+２H2↑(Si+2ＯH+Ｈ２O=+2H2↑）ﻫ3、歧化反应Cl2+Ｈ2O＝=HCl+HＣlO（加碱或光照促进歧化：(Ｃｌ2＋Ｈ2OＨ＋+Cl–+ＨCｌO）Cl2＋2ＮaOH==ＮaＣl＋NaClO+Ｈ2O（Cl2＋2OH–＝Cｌ–+ClＯ–+H2Ｏ)Cｌ2+２Ｃa(OH）2=＝ＣaCl2+Ca（ＣlO）2+2H2O(Cｌ２+2OH–=Cl–＋ClＯ–+Ｈ2O)ﻫ3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KＣlO３+3H２Ｏ（3Cl2+６OH–5Ｃｌ–+ClO3–+3Ｈ2Ｏ)3S+6NａOH2Nａ２Ｓ+Ｎa2SO3+3Ｈ2O(３S+６ＯH–2S２–+SO32–+3Ｈ2O）ﻫ4P+3ＫOＨ（浓）＋３H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2(4P+３ＯH–+３H2O==PH3↑+３Ｈ2PO２–）11P+15ＣuSO4+24Ｈ２O==５Cu3Ｐ+6H3PＯ4+1５Ｈ2SO43C+ＣaOCaC2+CＯ↑3Ｃ＋SｉO2ＳiC+2CO↑二。金属单质(Na,Mｇ，Al,Fｅ,Cu）得还原性ﻫ2Ｎａ＋H２2NaＨ4Ｎa+O2==2Ｎa2O2Na2O+O２2Ｎa2O２２Ｎa+O2Na2O2２Nａ+S==Na2Ｓ（爆炸）２Ｎa＋2Ｈ2O==2ＮaOH+Ｈ2↑2Na+２H2O＝２Nａ++