大学英语专业八级满分听力训练精编.docx

大学英语专业八级满分听力训练

大学英语专业八级满分听力训练Nothingisimpossibleforawillingheart.以下是小编为大家搜索整理的大学英语专业八级满分听力训练，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!ECTIONAMINI-LECTUREInthissection,youwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,you'llbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanother10minutestocompletethegap-fillingtask.Nowlistentothemini-lecture.TypesandAcceptanceGoodafternoon,everybody.Todaywe'llgoonwithourdiscussionabout"ElementsofCulture".Wehavetalkedabouttheelementoflanguage,whichisviewedbysociologistsasthefoundationofeveryculture.Nowlet'slookatthesecondelement—norms.Whatarenorms?Normscanbedefinedastheestablishedstandardsofbehaviourmaintainedbyasociety.Well,youknow,allsocietieshavewaysofencouragingandenforcingwhattheyviewasappropriatebehaviourwhilediscouragingandpunishingwhattheyconsidertobeimproperconducts.Forexample,respectforolderpeopleisanormfoundinChina."Putonsomecleanclothesfordinner"isanormfollowedinAmerica.Bowingdeeplytoeachotherwhenmeetingandsayinggood-byetopeopleisanormpractisedinJapan.Theseareallnorms.Inorderforanormtobecomesignificant,itmustbewidelysharedandunderstood.Forexample,whenwegotothemovies,wetypicallyexpectthatpeoplewillbequietwhilethefilmisshowing.Becauseofthisnorm,ifamemberoftheaudiencetalksloudly,hemaybeaskedtolowerhisvoice.Andwhenwegotoschoolorgotowork,weareexpectedtobepunctual.Ifsomeoneislate,heorshemayfeeluneasyandshouldsaysorrytoothers.Nowwe'llhavealookatthetypesofnorms.Sociologistsdistinguishnormsintwoways.First,normscanbeclassifiedasformalandinformal.Formalnormshavegenerallybeenwrittendownandinvolvestrictrulesforpunishmentofviolators.Lawsareanexampleofformalnorms,becauseinapoliticalsense,thelawisthebodyofrules,madebygovernmentforsociety,interpretedbythecourts,andbackedbythestate.Besides,therequirementsforacollegemajorandrulesofacardgamearealsoformalnorms.Bycontr