交通工程专业英语.docx

Unit1TheEvolutionofTransport交通工具的演化
Theevolutionoftransporthasbeencloselylinkedtothedevelopmentofhumankindthroughouttheearth’shistory．Transport’searlyfunctionwastomeetthebasicneedofhaulingfoodsuppliesandbuildingmaterials．Butwiththeformationoftribes，thenpeoples，andfinallynations，thesocietalandeconomicfunctionsoftransportbecamemoreandmorecomplex.Atfirsttherewasmobilityrequiredforindividuals，clans，households，andanimalstoprotectthemagainst，andtoescapefrom，thedangersofnaturaldisastersandtribalaggressions，andinthesearchforthebestplacestosettle．Astribalgroupsformedandgraduallyestablishedtheirgeographicalidentity，transportwasincreasinglyneededtoopenupregionsfordevelopment，toprovideaccesstonaturalresources，topromoteintercommunaltrade，andtomobilizeterritorialdefense．Whenthefirstnationscameintobeing，transportplayedamajorroleinestablishingnationalintegrity．
交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。运输署早期功能是满足基本需要搬运粮食供应和建材等领域。但随着部落，然后人民，和最后国家形成，运输的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需的个人、宗族、家庭和动物保护他们免遭，和逃避危险自然灾害和部落的侵略行为，并在寻找最好的地方定居。部落群体形成和逐步确立其地理特征，运输日益需要开放地区的发展，以提供对天然资源，促进族裔间的贸易，并调动本土防卫的访问。当第一次的联合国应运而生时，运输发挥了重要的作用，建立民族气节
Afterbasicsocietalneedshadgenerallybeenattendedto，localcommunitiescouldincreasinglydevotetheireffortstoenhancingtheireconomic，cultural，andtechnologicaldevelopmentthroughtradelinkswithotherpeoplesandregions．Again，transportprovidedthemobilityrequiredforsuchintertribal,international，andfinallyintercontinentalculturalexchangeandtrade．Duringallofthisgradualdevelopmenttowardanorganizedhumansociety，representedtodaythroughtheinternationalfamilyofnations，transportasphysicalprocessofmovingpeopleandgoods，thuspromotingsuchdevelopment，continuouslyunderwenttechnologicalandorganizationalchanges．Suchchangeswereinducedbyseveralfactorsandcircumstances．Infact，today’stransportinitsvariousformsandorganizationalarrangementsremainshighlysubjecttochangesinresponsetosocietalrequirementsandpreferences．
基本社会需求大体上已照顾到后，当地社区可能会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联系通过与其他民族和地区经济、文化和科技发展共同。再次，运输提供所需的这种部落之间、国际和洲际最后的文化交流和贸易的流动。在所有有组织的人类社会，今天代表国际