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Sewagetreatment Abstract Sewagetreatment,ordomesticwastewatertreatment,istheprocessofremovingHYPERLINK""\o"Contaminants"contaminantsfromHYPERLINK""\o"Wastewater"wastewaterandhouseholdsewage,bothHYPERLINK""\o"Surfacerunoff"runoff(HYPERLINK""\o"Effluents"effluents)anddomestic.Itincludesphysical,chemical,andbiologicalprocessestoremovephysical,chemicalandbiologicalcontaminants.Itsobjectiveistoproduceawastestream(ortreatedHYPERLINK""\o"Effluent"effluent)andasolidwasteorsludgesuitablefordischargeorreusebackintotheenvironment.ThismaterialisofteninadvertentlycontaminatedwithmanyHYPERLINK""\o"Toxic"toxicorganicandinorganiccompounds. Keywords:Sewagetreatment,fixed-filmandsuspended-growth,HYPERLINK""\o"Activatedsludge"Activatedsludge Originsofsewage Sewageiscreatedbyresidences,institutions,andcommercialandindustrialestablishments.Rawinfluent(sewage)includesHYPERLINK""\o"Householdwaste"householdwasteliquidfromHYPERLINK""\o"Toilet"toilets,HYPERLINK""\o"Bathing"baths,HYPERLINK""\o"Shower"showers,HYPERLINK""\o"Kitchen"kitchens,HYPERLINK""\o"Sink"sinks,andsoforththatisdisposedofviaHYPERLINK""\o"Sanitarysewer"sewers.Inmanyareas,sewagealsoincludesliquidwastefromindustryandcommerce.TheseparationanddrainingofhouseholdwasteintoHYPERLINK""\o"Greywater"greywaterandHYPERLINK"(waste)"\o"Blackwater(waste)"blackwaterisbecomingmorecommoninthedevelopedworld,withgreywaterbeingpermittedtobeusedforwateringplantsorrecycledforflushingtoilets.Alotofsewagealsoincludessomesurfacewaterfromroofsorhard-standingareas.Municipalwastewaterthereforeincludesresidential,commercial,andindustrialliquidwastedischarges,andmayincludeHYPERLINK""\o"Stormwater"stormwaterrunoff.SewagesystemscapableofhandlingstormwaterareknownascombinedsystemsorHYPERLINK""\o"Combinedsewer"combinedsewers.Suchsystemsareusuallyavoidedsincetheycomplicateandtherebyreducetheefficiencyofsewagetreatmentplantsowingtotheirseasonality.Thevariabilityinflowalsoleadstooftenlargerthannecessary,andsu

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