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WTO中事实先例向法定先例的转变
Introduction:
TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)isaglobalorganizationthatregulatesandpromotesfreetradeamongitsmembers.Itwasestablishedin1995andcurrentlyhas164members.OneofthesignificantissuesintheWTOisthedevelopmentoflegalprecedentsanditsrelevancetotheorganization'sdecision-makingprocess.ThispaperwillanalyzethetransformationoffactualprecedentstolegalprecedentsintheWTO.
Body:
TheWTOdisputesettlementmechanismisaquasi-judicialprocessthatisusedtoresolvetradedisputesandinterprettheagreementsbetweenthemembers.ThemechanismisbasedontheunderstandingthattherulingsmadebytheDisputeSettlementBody(DSB)arenotbinding,buttheycarryasignificantamountofpoliticalweight.However,asthenumberofdisputesandinterpretationsoftheagreementsincreased,thedecisionsmadebytheDSBhavegraduallytransformedintolegalprecedents.
IntheearlyyearsoftheWTO,therulingsmadebytheDSBwerefactualprecedents,whichmeantthattheywereonlyapplicabletothespecificcaseathand.Thememberswerenotrequiredtofollowtherulingsmadeinpreviouscases,andthedecisionsmadebytheDSBdidnotcreatelegalobligationsforthemembers.However,asthenumberofdisputesincreased,theDSBbegantorelyonpreviousrulingswhenmakingdecisions.Asaresult,thefactualprecedentsgraduallytransformedintolegalprecedents.
ThetransformationfromfactualprecedentstolegalprecedentshashadasignificantimpactontheWTO'sdecision-makingprocess.Legalprecedentsarebindingonthemembers,andtheycreatelegalobligationsforthemembers.Thetransformationhasensuredconsistency,predictability,andstabilityintheinterpretationoftheagreements.Ithasalsoreducedthescopeforthememberstomakearbitrarydecisions,whichcouldleadtodiscriminationandprotectionism.
ThetransformationhasalsohadasignificantimpactontheroleoftheDSBintheWTO.TheDSBhasgraduallytransformedfromadisputeresolutionbodytoadefactocourt.TheDSBhasbecomemoreinvolvedintheinterpretationoftheagreements,andthemembershavestartedtorelyontheDSB'srulingswhennegotiatingagreements.Asaresult,theDSBhasbecomeacentralinstitutionintheWTO,anditsdecisionsareconsideredtob