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容差扩展原则及其应用
Introduction
Toleranceexpansionisawidelyusedprincipleinengineeringdesignandmanufacturingprocesses.Itisasetofmethodsthathelptocontrolthevariabilityofaproduct'scriticaldimensionsandtolerancesinordertoensurethattheyconformtocertainspecifications.Theprincipalobjectiveoftoleranceexpansionistominimizetheriskofrejectsandreworkswhilemaximizingtheproductivityofmanufacturingprocesses.Thispaperdiscussesthetoleranceexpansionprincipleanditsapplicationinengineeringdesignandmanufacturing.
ToleranceExpansionPrinciple
Thetoleranceexpansionprincipleisasetofmethodsthatenableaproduct'scriticaldimensionstobecontrolledwithinspecifiedlimits.Theprincipleemploystheuseofvariousstatisticaltoolstoquantifythevariabilityoftheproduct'scriticaldimensionsandtolerances.Theprincipleisbasedontheassumptionthatthemanufacturingprocessisinherentlyvariable,andassuchitisimpossibletoproduceproductswithabsoluteprecision.Toleranceexpansionmethodsareemployedtoreducevariabilityandtoensurethattheproducedproductsconformtospecifiedfunctionalrequirements.
Theapplicationofthetoleranceexpansionprinciplecomprisesvariousstepswhichincludetheidentificationofcriticaldimensionswhicharevitalinthefunctionalityoftheproduct,theestablishmentoftolerablelimits,andtheexplorationofalternativedesignswhichmayimprovefunctionalitywithoutimpactingmanufacturingcost.Theprincipleinvolvestheuseofstatisticaltoolssuchastheprocesscapabilityindex(Cpk),statisticalprocesscontrol(SPC),andDesignofExperiments(DOE).
Thekeyaimoftoleranceexpansionistoestablishcriticaldimensionsandtoleranceswithintherequirementsoftheclientorenduser.Byusingvariousstatisticaltools,itispossibletodeterminetheextentofvariabilitywithinthemanufacturingprocessandtoenforcetolerancesthatcomplywiththerequirementsoftheend-user.Atolerancethatistoostringentmayleadtonon-conformingproductsandreworks,whereasatolerantthatistooliberalmayresultinproductsthatdonotsatisfyend-userspecifications.
ApplicationsofToleranceExpansion
Toleranceexpansionmethodsareemployedinawiderangeofindus