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AHistoryoftheModernWorld 姓名:梁敏 专业：英师 年级、班级：13级3班 学号：13073019 作业日期：2015.06.15 章 节：Chapter8 作业要求：TheAgeofEnlightenment Inearly18thcentury.TheConstitutionalmonarchysetupbyparliamentin1688wasacompromisebetweenthebourgeoisieandthearistocrats.Theculturallifehadundergoneremarkablechanges.Newton’sscientificdiscoveryandthephilosophyofJohnLockeaffectedpeople’sthinkingoftheworld.TheAgeofEnlightenmentwasaperiodofscientificawakening,largelycentredaroundFrance,althoughthestartingpointforEnlightenmentwasJohnLocke's(1632-1705)bookEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding(1690),whichwasarelentlessattackonmetaphysicalarguments.Metaphysicsisposingtheexistenceofobjectsthatcannotbeobserved.Reasonratherthansuperstitiondominated.EnglishliteraturewasinfluencedbyFrenchenlightenersandancientRomanwriters.Neo-classicismwastheleadingliterarytrend. TheEnlightenmentwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.Itwasanexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theythoughtthechiefmeansforbetteringthesocietywas"enlightenment"or"education"forthepeople.TheEnglishenlightenerswerebourgeoisdemocraticthinkers.TheyweredifferentfromthoseofFrance,fortheyappearednotbeforebutafterthebourgeoisrevolution.Theysetnorevolutionaryaimbeforethemandwhattheystroveforwastocarrytherevolutionthroughtoanend. ItwasoriginatedinFranceandmanyenlightenersprefertousecriticalreasonstofreemindsfromprejudice,authority,oppression.Thewholemovementcontainsmanyaspects:religion,artandliterature,andeconomicthought.Whentalkaboutthereligionpart,peoplealwaysthinkaboutsecularandDeismwhichthoughtthattheuniverseissetinmotionbyaGodasaself-regulatingmechanism;everythingwasoperatedaccordingtonaturallaws,whichcouldbeunderstoodbythehumanmind.TheEnlightenmentmetthechurchheadon,tacklingpreviouslyavoidedissues.Itwas,atleastinitially,anactofgreatcouragetodefythechurch.Havingcourageofyourownunderstanding.Inparticular,th
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