微观经济学中英文术语及其解释-豆柴文库

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Scarcitythelimitednatureofsociety’sresources
Economicsthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources
Efficiencythepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources
Equitythepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety
Opportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
Marginalchangessmallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction
Marketeconomyaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices
Marketfailureas/tuitioninwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently
Externalitytheimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander
Marketpowertheabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices
Productivitythequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime
Inflationanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy
Philipscurveacurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment
Businesscyclefluctuationsineconomicactivity，suchasemploymentandproduaion
Circular-flowdiagramavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms
Productionpossibilitiesfrontieragraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology
Positivestatementsclaimsthatattempttododescribetheworldasitis
Normativestatementsclaimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe
Absoluteadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity
Opportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
Comparativeadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost
Importsgoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically
Exportsgoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad
Marketagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice
Competitivemarketamarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketprice
Quantitydemandedtheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandableto-p