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第页共NUMPAGES8页 二元制的美国法律体系 DualityintheAmericanLegalSystem TheAmericanlegalsystemfeaturesacomplexityresultingfromAmericanfederalism.Withinthefederalstructure，eachstateretainsasubstantialdegreeofautonomy.Eachhasitsownconstitution，statutesmadebyitsownlegislature，andabodyofcaselawcreatedbyitsowncourts.SoitcanbesaidthatinsteadofoneuniformsetoflawsAmericahasfiftyoneasetoflawsforeachofthefiftystatesandoneforthefederation. Acomplicationresultingfromthisduality，ormultiplicity，isthatchoiceoflawquestionsfrequentlyariseinmultistatetransactionsoroccurrencesifadis？putearisesoutofaseriesofactivitiesindifferentstates，orbetweencitizensofdifferentstates，andthesubstantiverightsatissuearedefineddifferentlyinthesestates，thechoiceofapplicablelaw，whichisgovernedbydifferentchoiceoflawrulesofdifferentstates，becomesaverycomplicatedquestion. Thetrendtowarduniformstatuteshastendedtoreducethiscomplication，butconflictsoflawproblemsstillexist.So，instudyingAmericanlaw，studentsshouldbeawarethatdifferentstatesmayhavedifferentsubstantivelawsanddif？ferentchoiceoflawrulesregardingaparticularlegalsituation，resultinginthepossibilitythatthechoiceofforummayaffectthesubstantiverightsofthepartiesconcerned. ChoiceofforumalsoaddstothecomplexityoflitigationinAmerica，becausedualityisalsopresentinAmerica'scourtsystem.Insteadofoneunifiedsetofcourts，Americahasfiftyonesets，eachofwhichoperatesindependentlyoftheothers，andeachofwhichiscompletewithitsowntrialandappellatecourts. Thestatecourtsarethecourtsinwhichdisputesareordinarilyheard.Itstrialcourtsincludecourtsoflimitedjurisdictionandcourtsofgeneraljurisdic？tion1. Moststateshavetrialcourtsoflimitedjurisdiction.Theseinferiorcourtsareauthorizedtohearanddeterminecasesinvolvingarelativelysmallamountofmoneyorparticularsubjectmatters.Thenamesandauthorityofcourtsoflimitedjurisdictionvaryfromstatetostate. Allstateshavecourts，usuallyorganizedalongcountylines，forhearingcasesofalltypes，unlimitedbysubjectmatteroramountincontroversy.Suchcourtsarereferredtoasthetrialcourtsofgen
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