公共管理英文.docx

公共管理英文

第一篇：公共管理英文INTRODUCITIONWhenJohnLockewrotethatthestateofnaturewaswantingpowertobackandsuportthesentenceofanationaljudiciary,hewasspeakingofanexecutivepower.Thereisagreatdealofdifference,however,betweenthekindofofexecutivepowerthatLockehadinmindandthekindofpoliticalexecutivethatwefindincontemporarypoliticalsystems.Whatarethepowersituationsinwhichcontemprarypoliticalexecutivesfindthemseves?Howdotheygetwheretheyare？Whatkindsofrelationshipsdotheyhavewiththelegislaturesoftheirrespectivepoliticalsettings?Itistothesequestionsthatweshalltrytorespondinthischapter.当约翰洛克写道国家的本质是想要权力来支持一个国家的司法判决，他提到了一种行政权，然而，在洛克心中的行政权和我们在当代政治系统中所涉及的行政权有着巨大差异。当代行政机构的权利状况是什么？如何实现？他们和各种政治环境下立法机关有着什么样的关系？我们将在这章对这些问题进行回答。THEEXECUTIVEROLESWhatdoesanexecutivedoinapoliticalsystem?InhisclassicstudyoftheAmericanPresidency,ClintonRossiterlistedtendistinct,identifiablerolesthatthepresidentisexpectedtoplayintheAmeircanpoliticalarena.行政角色在一个政治体系中行政部门是干什么的呢？在对美国总统制的经典研究中，克林顿罗西特列出可以感觉到的，总统在政治舞台上所扮演的10个不同角色。1.ChiefofState2.ChiefExecutive3.CommanderinChief4.ChiefDiplomat5.ChiefLegislator6.ChiefOfParty7.VoiceofthePeople8.ProtectorofPeace9.ManagerofProsperity10.WordldLeader1.国家元首2.行政长官3.总指挥4.首席外交官5.主要立法者6.党领袖7.人民代言人8.和平保护者9.繁荣管理者10.世界领导者Whenwelookatthislistofdutiesthatthepresidentmustperform，wemustmarvelthatanyoneisabletohandlethedemandsoftheoffice.Indeed,thiswasoneofthemajorthemesofRossiter’sstudy.Wouldn’tapoliticalsystembemoreefficientlyrunifhiredacrewofexecutivestohandleallofthesejobs,onejobtoaperson?Actually，theconceptofamultipleexecutiveisnotnewatall,andinthehistoryofpoliticalsystemsthemultipleexecutivehasbeentried.AttheFederalConventioninPhiladelphiain1787,wheretheU.SConstitutionwascreated,theideaofamultipleexcutivewassuggested.Itwasrejected,however,becausehistoryhadshownthatitmighttendto（1）causepisivenesswhenadifficultdecisionneededtobemadeand（2）abscureresponsibility,orculpability,inthatblameforabaddecisionmightbedifficulttoattributetoasingleinpidual.当我们看到总统必须履行的这系列的职责，我们必须惊奇任何人都可以处理部门的要求。事实上这是罗斯特研究的