江南大学发酵工程研究生面试英语翻译材料

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江南大学发酵工程研究生面试英语翻译材料_62256

第一篇：江南大学发酵工程研究生面试英语翻译材料_62256[1]Industrialbiotechnology,alsoknownaswhitebiotechnology,istheapplicationofmodernbiotechnologytothesustainableproductionofchemicals,materials,andfuelsfromrenewablesources,usinglivingcellsand/ortheirenzymes.Thisfieldiswidelyregardedasthethirdwaveofbiotechnology,distinctfromthefirsttwowaves(medicalorredbiotechnologyandagriculturalorgreenbiotechnology).Muchinteresthasbeengeneratedinthisfieldmainlybecauseindustrialbiotechnologyisoftenassociatedwithreducedenergyconsumption,greenhousegasemissions,andwastegeneration,andalsomayenabletheparadigmshiftfromfossilfuel-basedtobio-basedproductionofvalue-addedchemicals.*****************************************************************************************************[2]Inaerobicbioprocesses,oxygenisakeysubstrateemployedforgrowth,maintenanceandinothermetabolicroutes,includingproductsynthesis.Duetoitslowsolubilityinbroths,whichareusuallyaqueoussolutions,oxygenmustbecontinuouslyprovidedbyagasphase,andthustheknowledgeofoxygentransferrate(OTR)isneededforbioreactordesignandscale-up.Theconcentrationofdissolvedoxygeninthebroth,asuspensionofrespiringmicroorganisms,dependsontheOTRfromthegastotheliquidphase,andontherateofitsconsumptionbythemicroorganism,theoxygenuptakerate(OUR).*****************************************************************************************************[3]Animmobilizedenzymeisanenzymethatisattachedtoaninert,insolublematerialsuchascalciumalginate(producedbyreactingamixtureofsodiumalginatesolutionandenzymesolutionwithcalciumchloride).ThiscanprovideincreasedresistancetochangesinconditionssuchaspHortemperature.Italsoallowsenzymestobeheldinplacethroughoutthereaction,followingwhichtheyareeasilyseparatedfromtheproductsandmaybeusedagain—afarmoreefficientprocessandsoiswidelyusedinindustryforenzymecatalysedreactions.Analternativetoenzymeimmobilizationiswholecellimmobilization.************************************************************************************************