河北师范大学语言学教案.docx

河北师范大学语言学教案

第一篇：河北师范大学语言学教案语言学教案Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics(2)Whatislinguistics?1.6Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisthebranchoflearningwhichstudiesthelanguagesofanyandallhumansocieties.Itcanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Inaword,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofcommunicationinthesocietiesinwhichtheyareused.Theguidingprinciplesforlinguisticstudies:Exhaustiveness---theaimistospecifytotallythelinguisticcontrastsinasetofdata,andultimatelyinthelanguageasawhole.Consistency---totalstatementsshouldbelogicallyself-consistent.Economy---acriterionrequiresthat,otherthingsbeingequal,ananalysisshouldaimtobeasshortanduseasfewtermsaspossible.Itisameasurewhichpermitsonetoquantifythenumberofformalconstructsusedinarrivingatasolutiontoproblem,andhasbeenused,explicitlyorimplicitly,inmostareasoflinguisticinvestigation.Objectivity---linguisticanalysesshouldbeasobjectiveaspossible.Truthshouldcomefromfacts1.7Somebasicdistinctionsinlinguistics1.7.1speechandwritingtheprimacyofspeech:1)Speechispriortowritinghistorically2)genetically,childrenalwayslearntospeakbeforetheylearntowrite.Theimportanceofwriting:1)spacedisplacement2)timedisplacement3)avisualrecordingofaspeech1.7.2Descriptiveorprescriptivedescriptive---todescribethefactoflinguisticusageastheyare,andnothowtheyoughttobe,withreferencetosomerealorimaginedidealstate.Prescriptive---atermusedtocharacterizeanyapproachwhichattempttolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeused.(Swisslinguist,FerdinanddeSaussure)synchronic(linguistics)---languagesarestudiedatatheoreticpointintime:onedescribesa‗state‘oflanguage,disregardingwhateverchangesmightbetakingplace.Diachronic----languagesarestudiedfrompointofviewoftheirhistoricaldevelopment–forexample,thechangeswhichhavetakenplacebetweenOldandModernEnglishcouldbedescribedinphonological,grammaticalandsemanticterms.Langue---referstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakersParole---istheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituations