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Chapter1:Introduction1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.8.langue:Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.9.parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.10.competence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.11.performance:Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.12.language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.13.designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.14.arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.15.productivity:Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.16.duality:Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverofmeaning.17.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeorspace.18.culturaltransmission:Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itistaughtandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanbyinstinct.Chapter2:Phonology1.phonicmedium:Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication.2.phonetics:Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld’slanguages.3.articulatoryphonetics:Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.4.auditoryphonetics:Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.5.acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.6.voicing:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.7.voiceless:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.8.broadtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.9.narrowtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsound
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