专业英语 阅读.docx

RecentTransformationsAdministrationTheory：
arevolutioninpublicmanagement？
Sincetheearly１９８０smuchworkhasbeenconductedinpublicadministrationtheoryandpracticethatclaimstogobeyondtheconservativeapproachinthefield．This“liberalization”ofpublicadministrationisrecognizedtodayastheNPMtrend．Theself-identityproblemofpublicadministrationwasgreatlyaggravatedbythelaunchingoftheideaofNPM．AsnotedbyKettlandMitward，“publicmanagementisneithertraditionalpublicadministrationnorpolicyanalysissinceitborrowsheavilyfromavarietyofdisciplinesandmethodologicalapproaches．”Mainlydrawingontheexperienceofthebusiness／industrial／privatesector，scholarshavesuggestedtakingamoredemandingattitudetothedynamics，activity，andproductivityofpublicorganizations：however，“competingacademicdisciplinesdueledtoestablishbridgeheadsor，worse，virtuallyignoredeachotherastheydevelopedparalleltracksonrelatedproblems”．Consequently，across-fertilization，whichcouldhaveacceleratedlearningandimprovedperformanceofpublicsystems，wasdelayed．
WhataretherootsofNPM，andinwhatwayisitactuallyanewarenainthestudyofthepublicsector？Severaltheoreticalfoundations，aswellaspracticalfactors，cananswerthesequestions．Thefirst，andprobablythedeepestsourceofNPM，emergesfromthedistinctionbetweentwoproximatetermsorfieldsofresearch：administrationandmanagement．Asnotedearlier，sincethelate１８８０sthemonopolyonthetermadministrationhasbeenheldbypoliticalscientists．SuchscholarsasGoodnowandWilsonwerethosewhoperceivedpublicadministrationasaseparateanduniquedisciplinethatshouldconsistofindependenttheory，practicalskills，andmethods．Thetermmanagement，however，referredtoamoregeneralarena，usedbyallsocialscientistsandmainlybythosewhopracticeandadvancetheoryinorganizationalpsychologyandbusinessstudies．Consequently，conservativeadministrationsciencetendstoanalyzetheoperationoflargebureaucraticsystemsaswellasothergovernmentalprocessesaimedatpolicyimplementation．Management，ontheotherhand，referstothegeneralpracticeofempoweringpeopleandgroupsinvarioussocialenvironmentsandinhan