专题一：名词和冠词.doc

Grammar1：nounsandarticles
=1\*ROMANI.Nouns
1.可数名词的复数形式:
a.单复同形:sleep,deer,fish,means,works,aircraft,Japanese,Swiss,Chinese,Yuan/Jin/Li
b.规则变化:
=1\*GB3①-fe:thieves,shelves,leaves,lives,knives;gulfs,roofs,proofs,safes,chiefs,beliefs,
=2\*GB3②-o:photos,pianos,kilos,zoos,bamboos,radios,studios,videos,heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes,zeroes,volcanoes
c.不规则变化:feet,men,women,mice,teeth,geese,bacterium(bacteria),children,penny(pence),ox(oxen),crisis(crises),datum(data)（数据，资料）,medium(media/mediums),phenomenon(phenomena)
d.只有复数形式trousers,glasses,goods,clothes,thanks,contents,compasses(圆规),remains（遗迹，残余物）,scales(天平)，scissors（剪刀）,
e.复合名词复数：grown-ups,lookers-on,sisters-in-law,film-goers,passers-by,story-tellers,best-sellers,student-teachers（实习教师）,go-betweens（中间人）,men/womenengineers
某些名词复数的特殊意义：woods,glasses,manners,times,drinks,wishes,regards,customs,waters,goods,contents（目录）,papers(论文，试卷),sands(沙滩),spirits(情绪，酒精),arms(武器),conditions(环境),greens(青菜),forces(军队)
2.不可数名词的具体化：加a/an表示“一场、一份、一种”eg.arain/snow,atea/beer/drink
Tomatoisavegetable,notafruit.
It’sapleasuretomeetyouhere.
3．抽象名词具体化:
1).前加a/an

Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthevictimsoftheearthquake.
Whatwouldyoulike,sir?Twocoffees/teas/beers.

2).复数

4.某些典型的不可数名词不能具体化：news,information,advice,progress,fun,homework,housework,furniture,luggage/baggage,weather,withpleasure/difficulty/hope,(just)for/havefun
5.名词的格：通常冠词与所有格相互排斥。
a.所有格的构成:1).有生命名词加’s2).无生命名词通常用“of+名词”形式。
b.’s后名词的省略：1.住宅:atJim’s2.店铺:atthebarber’s3.行医开业者:atthedentist’s
c.and连接的两个所有格:TomandMary’sfather,Tom’sandMary’sfathers
d.复合名词的所有格，在后面名词加’s:hissister-in-law’sbike,adayortwo’sstay,someoneelse’skeys,thepresidentofAmerica’scar
e.名词修饰名词：表示用途、性质、类别eg.
shoeshop,coffeecup,timetable,schoollife,stonebridge,headnurse,customsoffice,men/womendoctors
所有格修饰名词：所属关系（有生命）/整体部分关系（无生命）eg.
doctor’sdegree,students’union,China’sindustry,women’shands,teachers’college,people’spark
=2\*ROMANII.Articles:定冠词表示“特指”，不定冠词表示“泛指”，但需注意一些固定搭配和语境。E.g.
1).Youngasheis,heisnot______ne