2021考研暑期复习指导：英语阅读之哲学类(8).docx

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2021考研暑期复习指导：英语阅读之哲学类（8）
暑期集训来了，如何在暑期两个月创造出双倍的价值是每个考生想要达到的目标。这就需要加倍的努力和科学的规划了。英语方面的复习，大家要持续性背单词，阅读、写作及翻译要多加练习，总结方法技巧，活学活用。下面和大家分享哲学类的阅读模拟题，大家不妨集中练习，提升阅读速度和做题技巧。2021考研英语阅读暑期训练：哲学类(8)Partofthescientificfaithofthelatenineteenthcenturywastheviewthattherewasoneandonlyonescientificmethod.Thismethod，arguedwriterslikeKarlPearsoninhisGrammarofScience，wastheonlysuremethodforarrivingatknowledgeinanysphere.Themethodwaseasilydescribed：collectthefactsintheareaunderstudy;orderthemintosequences，suchthatlawlikeoccurrencescouldbeseen;then，writedownthelawssoidentified.Accordingtothisview，disciplinesdifferedonlyastosubjectmatter，sincetheunityofscienceconsistedofitsmethodalone.Also，accordingtothisview，theresultsofscientificinvestigation(thatis，newknowledge)willalwaysbeembodiedintheformofalawconnectingthefactsintheareaunderstudy.Explanation，accordingtothisview，issimplyaccountingforfactsonthebasisofadeductionfromaknownlaworlaws，oraccountingforsomesubordinatelawonthebasisofadeductionfromsomemoregenerallaworlaws.ThemostinfluentialformulationofthisexplanationisCarlGHempel‘s，perhapsmostaccessiblyarticulatedinhisarticle“ExplanationinScienceandHistory”。Sometimes，accordingtoHempel，suchlawsareofastrictlyuniversalformandothertimestheyareofaprobabilisticorstatisticalform.Theyareassertions，inthislattercase，ofthekindthatifcertainspecifiedconditionsarerealizedthenanoccurrenceofsuchandsuchakindwillcomeaboutwithsuchaprobability.Ithinkthatitwouldbetruetosaythatinthelatenineteenthcenturyitwasfeltthatonefeaturedistinguishingphysicsfromhistoryasadisciplinewasthat，eveniftheysharedexactlythesamemethod，physicshadnoneedforthelatterkindofprobabilisticexplanation——atleastinprinciple——whileinhistoryitwasunavoidable.However，inthetwentiethcentury，whateverelsemaydistinguishphysicsandhistoryasdisciplinesitisnotthatphysicsusesonlystrictlyuniversallawsanddeductiveexplanationsinthenineteenthcenturysense，whilehistorydoesnot.Thephysicsofthecentury，from1900onward，hasbeen