pragmatics(2013.2)-豆柴文库

您所在位置：网站首页 / pragmatics(2013.2).ppt / 文档详情

免费试读已结束，剩余 21 页请下载文档后查看

10 金币

下载文档

/ 26

下载提示

如果您无法下载资料，请参考说明：

1、部分资料下载需要金币，请确保您的账户上有足够的金币

2、已购买过的文档，再次下载不重复扣费

3、资料包下载后请先用软件解压，在使用对应软件打开

文本预览

Grice(1957)Distinguished

naturalmeaning(自然意义)
(incidentaltransferofinformation)
Thosecloudsmeanrain.
Thesunrisesintheeast.
Icefloatsonwater.

non-naturalmeaning/meaning-nn(非自然意义)
(intentionalcommunication)
It’sraining.
I’mhungry.
Mywatchisstolen.Smeant-nnzbyutteringUifandonlyif:
SintendedUtocausesomeeffectzinrecipientH
Sintended(i)tobeachievedsimplybyHrecognizingthatintention(i)Communicationconsistsofthe‘sender’intendingtocausethe‘receiver’tothinkordosomethingbygettingthe‘receiver’torecognizethatthe‘sender’istryingtocausethatthoughtoraction.Anillustration:
Ileapoutfrombehindatreeuttering‘boo!’:
1)bysheersurprisefrightenyou,(it’snaturalmeaning);
2)YouknowthatIintendtoachievethiseffectofsurpriseonyouandIstilldoso,(it’snon-naturalmeaning)Sentencevs.utterance

Sentence:
abstracttheoreticalentitydefinedwithinatheoryofgrammar;

Utterance:
pairingofasentenceandacontextFromtheangleofgoalsormotivationsofpragmatics:Definitionfive:(pragmatictheoryasa)‘blackbox’(anasyetunexplicatedmechanism)(尚未得到解释的结构)askabout:theinputandtheoutputofthetheoryFunction(函数)Range:Thecompletesetofallpossible
resultingvaluesofthedependentvariableinafunctionistherangeofthefunction.

InplainEnglish,thedefinitionmeans:
Therangeofafunctionisthepossibleyvaluesofafunctionthatresultwhenwesubstituteallthepossiblex-valuesintothefunction.a)Findthedomainandrangeforthefunction
f(x)=x2+2.

Answer
f(x)=x2+2isdefinedforallrealvaluesofx.
Hence,thedomainoff(x)is"allrealnumbers".
Sincex2isnevernegative,x2+2isneverlessthan2
Hence,therangeoff(x)is"allrealnumbersf(x)≥2".
Wecanseethatxtakesanyvalueinthegraph,buttheresultingyvaluesaregreaterthanorequalto2.
f(x)=x2+2Findthedomainandrangeforthefunction
y=√(x+4).
Thedomainofthefunctionisx≥−4;
therangeforthisfunctionisy≥0函数的三个要素为定义域、值域和对应法则.函数的定义域是函数中自变量的取值范围；函数的值域是函数值的取值范围.其中定义域与对应法则放在一起构成一个完整的函数，缺一不可.Inlinguistics:
Forsyntax,wecansayagivensetofrules
(asyntacticanalysis)isafunctionwhosedomainisthesetofpossiblecombinationsofmorphemesinthelanguageL,andwhoserangehasjusttwoelemen